Many cases of hypercalcemia are caused by hyperparathyroidism (HPT) or malignancy. Hypercalcemia is a common clinical condition that can lead to chronic, moderate or mild levels of calcium in the blood. Hence, here the RBC destruction in liver occurs by phagocytosis predominantly.If you are a new patient, save time by printing your paperwork and bring it to your appointment.
Liver macrophages lack the capacity of spleen to sequester cells. There's C3b on RBC and macrophage has CR3 (Complement receptor 3). So most extravascular hemolysis that occurs in cold agglutinin disease is in the liver.Īnother common mechanism of hemolysis in cold agglutinin disease is direct complement mediated intravascular hemolysis.
Liver RECs have loads of C3 specific receptors. The main site of destruction is liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). The main antibody is IgM here.Ģ is correct since complement is involved. The spleen is the main site of red cell destruction in this patientġ is not true. Complement is probably bound to the patient’s red cellsģ. The antibody bound to the patient’s red blood cells in this disorder is probably IgGĢ. Which of the following statements is true?ġ. Numerous red blood cell agglutinates are seen on the blood smear, made by smart technologists in your laboratory. A CBC shows a hemoglobin of 10.6 g/dL (12 – 16) and an MCV of 88 (80 -100). On a routine physical examination of an elderly male patient with no other medical problems, you note that his earlobes and fingertips are pale and slightly bluish. We were discussing a MCQ from pathologystudent. (Sodium bicarbonate and potassium citrate are used for alkalinization of urine) Predisposing factors for uric acid stones:Ģ. Uric acid, orotic acid, xanthine, triamterene, dihydroxyadenine, and indinavir calculi are radiolucent and might not be seen on a plain radiograph. Magnesium ammonia phosphate (struvite) and Cystine calculi are less radiodense and are more difficult to visualize. It is radiolucent, cystine is poorly radioopaque. If you are asked to choose the radiolucent one between Orotic acid stones and cysteine stones, choose orotic acid. Magnesium trisilicate stones (Poorly radiopaque) Mnemonic for radiolucent renal calculi: CATIX URLĪnother mnemonic for medication stones: GUEST MIC I was studying about radiolucent kidney stones and thought of sharing what I learnt with you all. The predominant feeling I have is that if gratitude (= However, in AKI, the urine sediment will show granular casts. Remember, in acute interstitial nephritis, WBCs, WBC casts and urine eosinophils will be seen. Mnemonic for nephrotoxic drugs: Drugs with A!Īntivirals like acyclovir, tenofovir, cidofovir, foscarnet, pentamidine.Īntibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporins, quinolones, sulfonamides, rifampin.
Clinical findings include polyuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and NAGMA. It binds to tubular membrane cholesterol and introduces pores. Hypomagnesemia is a common finding.Īmphotericin B also causes tubular necrosis.
Hello! In this post, I'll be talking about nephrotoxic antimicrobials.Īminoglycoside toxicity manifests in the form of tubular necrosis.ĭid you know AKI due to Aminoglycosides manifest 5-7 days after therapy even after the drug has been discontinued? :OĪminoglycosides accumulate in the renal cortex and cause non oliguric AKI.
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